GRAMMATICA - CAPITULUM OCTAVUM

I. PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES – all the cases for the commonest of these pronouns and adjectives. There is a separate sheet with all the forms on it.

A. Interrogative pronouns and adjectives – ask questions "who, what, which"

1. pronouns: quis, quae, quid – stand by themselves

2. adjectives: quī, quae, quod – modify or qualify a noun

B. Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives – "demonstrate" what person or thing weʻre talking about:

1. is, ea, id – he, she, it, this (or that)

2. hic, haec, hoc - he, she, it, this here.

3. ille, illa, illud – he, she, it, that there

C. Relative pronouns and adjectives – "relate" a separate, subordinate clause to a word in the sentence:

1. quī, quae, quod – who, which, that

D. Special things:

1. When the relative pronoun is used without an antecedent to refer to, a demonstrative pronoun may be understood, e.g., Quī tabernam habet est tabernārius = Is quī habet tabernam est tabernārius.

2. Sometimes the neuter nominative/accusative singular ends in –ud instead of –um: illud and aliud.

3. Notice that the genitive form is the same for all three genders (illius, huius, cuius, eius) and consists of ius or īus added to the stem.

4. Notice also that the dative form is the same for all three genders (illī, huic, cui, eī) and again consists of ī added to the stem, except for huic, which has a short i to which a "c" is added.

II. Miscellaneous;

A. Third conjugation i-stem verbs: accipit and aspicit. The plural of these is accipiunt and aspiciunt.

B. tam magnus = tantus and quam magnus = quantus.

C. quam can also mean "how" as in "How beautiful those jewels are!" = quam pulchra sunt illa ōrnāmenta!

D. The ablative case is used with emit, vēndit and cōnstat to indicate the price.

E. Notice that the dative case is used with verbs similar in effect to dat, i.e., verbs like ostendit, mōnstrat, vēndit.